AI RESEARCH

Privacy-Enhanced Zero-Order Federated Learning via xMK-CKKS over Wireless Channels

arXiv CS.LG

ArXi:2605.30123v1 Announce Type: cross Homomorphic encryption (HE) enables privacy-preserving aggregation in federated learning (FL) by allowing the server to operate on encrypted data without decryption. Existing HE-over-the-air methods mainly rely on single-key HE schemes and require channel estimation or pre-equalization to compensate for wireless fading. However, single-key HE remains vulnerable to honest-but-curious clients sharing the same secret key.